Vector3

3D vector functions using arrays [x, y, z]. All angles are in degrees. Functions modify the first vector in-place for zero allocations.

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Creating Vectors

// Create a new vector
var v = vec3_create(3, 4, 5);

// Create a zero vector
var zero = vec3_create();  // [0, 0, 0]

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Functions Reference

Creation

Function	Returns	Description
vec3_create(x?, y?, z?)	Array	Creates a new vec3 with given components (default: 0, 0, 0)

Setters

Function	Description
vec3_set(vec, x, y, z)	Sets the vector components
vec3_set_scalar(vec, s)	Sets all components to the same value
vec3_set_x(vec, x)	Sets the x component
vec3_set_y(vec, y)	Sets the y component
vec3_set_z(vec, z)	Sets the z component
vec3_set_component(vec, index, value)	Sets component by index (0=x, 1=y, 2=z)

Getters

Function	Returns	Description
vec3_get_component(vec, index)	number	Gets component by index (0=x, 1=y, 2=z)

Clone / Copy

Function	Returns	Description
vec3_clone(vec)	Array	Returns a new independent copy
vec3_copy(dest, src)	-	Copies src values into dest

Addition

Function	Description
vec3_add(vec, v)	Adds v to vec
vec3_add_scalar(vec, s)	Adds scalar to all components
vec3_add_scaled_vector(vec, v, s)	Adds v * s to vec
vec3_add_vectors(dest, a, b)	Sets dest = a + b

Subtraction

Function	Description
vec3_sub(vec, v)	Subtracts v from vec
vec3_sub_scalar(vec, s)	Subtracts scalar from all components
vec3_sub_vectors(dest, a, b)	Sets dest = a - b

Multiplication

Function	Description
vec3_multiply(vec, v)	Component-wise multiplication
vec3_multiply_scalar(vec, s)	Multiplies all components by scalar
vec3_multiply_vectors(dest, a, b)	Sets dest = a * b component-wise

Division

Function	Description
vec3_divide(vec, v)	Component-wise division
vec3_divide_scalar(vec, s)	Divides all components by scalar

Dot / Cross

Function	Returns	Description
vec3_dot(vec, v)	number	Dot product
vec3_cross(vec, v)	-	Cross product (modifies vec in-place)
vec3_cross_vectors(dest, a, b)	-	Sets dest = a × b

Length

Function	Returns	Description
vec3_length(vec)	number	Euclidean length
vec3_length_sq(vec)	number	Squared length (faster, no sqrt)
vec3_manhattan_length(vec)	number	Manhattan (taxicab) length
vec3_set_length(vec, len)	-	Sets vector to specific length

Normalize / Negate

Function	Description
vec3_normalize(vec)	Converts to unit vector (length = 1)
vec3_negate(vec)	Inverts: x = -x, y = -y, z = -z

Distance

Function	Returns	Description
vec3_distance_to(vec, v)	number	Euclidean distance
vec3_distance_to_squared(vec, v)	number	Squared distance (faster)
vec3_manhattan_distance_to(vec, v)	number	Manhattan distance

Min / Max / Clamp

Function	Description
vec3_min(vec, v)	Component-wise minimum
vec3_max(vec, v)	Component-wise maximum
vec3_clamp(vec, min, max)	Clamps between min and max vectors
vec3_clamp_scalar(vec, min, max)	Clamps between scalar values
vec3_clamp_length(vec, min, max)	Clamps vector length between min and max

Rounding

Function	Description
vec3_floor(vec)	Rounds components down
vec3_ceil(vec)	Rounds components up
vec3_round(vec)	Rounds components to nearest
vec3_round_to_zero(vec)	Rounds towards zero

Equality

Function	Returns	Description
vec3_equals(vec, v)	boolean	True if vectors are exactly equal

Interpolation

Function	Description
vec3_lerp(vec, v, alpha)	Lerp towards v by alpha (0..1)
vec3_lerp_vectors(dest, v1, v2, alpha)	Sets dest = lerp(v1, v2, alpha)

Angle (in degrees)

Function	Returns	Description
vec3_angle_to(vec, v)	number	Angle between two vectors

Rotation (in degrees)

Function	Description
vec3_apply_axis_angle(vec, axis, angle)	Rotates around normalized axis
vec3_apply_quaternion(vec, q)	Applies quaternion rotation

Random

Function	Description
vec3_random(vec)	Sets components to random values [0, 1)
vec3_random_direction(vec)	Random point on unit sphere

Projection / Reflection

Function	Description
vec3_project_on_vector(vec, v)	Projects onto another vector
vec3_project_on_plane(vec, normal)	Projects onto plane
vec3_reflect(vec, normal)	Reflects across normal

Array Conversion

Function	Returns	Description
vec3_from_array(vec, array, offset?)	-	Sets from array at offset
vec3_to_array(vec, array?, offset?)	Array	Copies to array at offset
vec3_from_buffer_attribute(vec, attr, index)	-	Sets from flat buffer by vertex index

Matrix Transformation

Function	Description
vec3_apply_matrix3(vec, m)	Multiplies by 3x3 matrix
vec3_apply_matrix4(vec, m)	Multiplies by 4x4 matrix (with perspective divide)
vec3_apply_normal_matrix(vec, m)	Applies normal matrix and normalizes
vec3_transform_direction(vec, m)	Transforms direction (ignores translation)

Matrix Extraction

Function	Description
vec3_set_from_matrix_column(vec, m, index)	Extracts column from 4x4 matrix
vec3_set_from_matrix3_column(vec, m, index)	Extracts column from 3x3 matrix
vec3_set_from_matrix_position(vec, m)	Extracts position from 4x4 matrix
vec3_set_from_matrix_scale(vec, m)	Extracts scale from 4x4 matrix

Spherical / Cylindrical Coordinates

Function	Description
vec3_set_from_spherical_coords(vec, radius, phi, theta)	Sets from spherical coords (radians)
vec3_set_from_cylindrical_coords(vec, radius, theta, y)	Sets from cylindrical coords (radians)
vec3_set_from_spherical(vec, spherical)	Sets from spherical array [radius, phi, theta]
vec3_set_from_cylindrical(vec, cylindrical)	Sets from cylindrical array [radius, theta, y]

Euler Rotation

Function	Description
vec3_apply_euler(vec, euler, order?)	Applies Euler rotation [x, y, z] in degrees
vec3_set_from_euler(vec, euler)	Copies Euler angles to vector

Color

Function	Description
vec3_set_from_color(vec, color)	Sets from color array [r, g, b] (0-1)
vec3_set_from_color_gml(vec, color)	Sets from GML color value

Extra Utility

Function	Description
vec3_abs(vec)	Sets components to absolute values

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Usage Examples

Basic Operations

var a = vec3_create(1, 2, 3);
var b = vec3_create(4, 5, 6);

vec3_add(a, b);              // a = [5, 7, 9]
vec3_multiply_scalar(a, 2);  // a = [10, 14, 18]
vec3_normalize(a);           // a = unit vector

Distance and Length

var pos = vec3_create(10, 0, 0);
var target = vec3_create(5, 0, 0);

var dist = vec3_distance_to(pos, target);  // 5
var len = vec3_length(pos);                 // 10

Cross Product

var x = vec3_create(1, 0, 0);
var y = vec3_create(0, 1, 0);

vec3_cross(x, y);  // x = [0, 0, 1] (z-axis)

Rotation

var v = vec3_create(1, 0, 0);
var axis = vec3_create(0, 0, 1);  // Z-axis

vec3_apply_axis_angle(v, axis, 90);  // v ≈ [0, 1, 0]

Euler Rotation

var v = vec3_create(1, 0, 0);

// Rotate 90° around Z axis
vec3_apply_euler(v, [0, 0, 90], "XYZ");  // v ≈ [0, 1, 0]

Projection

var v = vec3_create(3, 4, 0);
var onto = vec3_create(1, 0, 0);

vec3_project_on_vector(v, onto);  // v = [3, 0, 0]

Matrix Transformation

var v = vec3_create(1, 0, 0);

// 4x4 Translation matrix (column-major, translate by [5, 3, 2])
var translate = [1,0,0,0, 0,1,0,0, 0,0,1,0, 5,3,2,1];

vec3_apply_matrix4(v, translate);  // v = [6, 3, 2]

Extract Position/Scale from Matrix

var matrix = [2,0,0,0, 0,3,0,0, 0,0,4,0, 10,20,30,1];

var position = vec3_create();
var scale = vec3_create();

vec3_set_from_matrix_position(position, matrix);  // [10, 20, 30]
vec3_set_from_matrix_scale(scale, matrix);        // [2, 3, 4]

Buffer Attribute (for vertex data)

// Flat buffer with vertices: [x0,y0,z0, x1,y1,z1, ...]
var positions = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60];
var v = vec3_create();

vec3_from_buffer_attribute(v, positions, 0);  // v = [10, 20, 30]
vec3_from_buffer_attribute(v, positions, 1);  // v = [40, 50, 60]

Color Conversion

var v = vec3_create();

// From array [r, g, b] (0-1)
vec3_set_from_color(v, [1.0, 0.5, 0.0]);  // Orange

// From GML color
vec3_set_from_color_gml(v, c_red);  // [1, 0, 0]